Style Guide for Citing Visual Resources

In the following examples, [F] indicates the style to be used in footnotes and endnotes.  [B] indicates the style to be used in bibliographies and works lists.

Citation Examples:

1. Books
   1. Christa Grossinger, Picturing women in late Medieval and Renaissance art, (New York : Manchester University Press, [1997]), 49. [F]
   
   Grossinger, Christa. Picturing women in late Medieval and Renaissance art.  New York: Manchester University Press, [1997]. [B]
2. Book published electonically (e-book)
   If a book is available in more than one format, you should cite the version you consulted, but you may also list the other formats, as in the second example below. If an access date is required, include it parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the first example below.
   
   2. Catherine Elwes, Video Art:  A Guided Tour (: I.B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2005), http://site.ebrary.com/lib/pacific/ (accessed September 21, 2007).  [F]
   
   Elwes, Catherine. Video Art:  A Guided Tour (: I.B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2005), http://site.ebrary.com/lib/pacific/ (accessed September 21, 2007).  [B]
3. Book Chapters
   3. Angela Rosenthal, "Angelica’s Odyssey:  Kauffman’s Paintings of Penelope and the Weaving of Narrative, " in Women, Art and the Politics of Identity in Eighteenth-Century Europe, ed. Melissa Hyde and Jennifer Milam (Aldershot, Hants, England ; Burlington, VT), 220.[F]
   
   Rosenthal, Angela. "Angelica’s Odyssey:  Kauffman’s Paintings of Penelope and the Weaving of Narrative, " in Women, Art and the Politics of Identity in Eighteenth-Century Europe, ed. Melissa Hyde and Jennifer Milam, 211-236. Aldershot, Hants, England ; Burlington, VT, 2003.[B]
4. Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book
   5. Lisa Bloom, introduction to Jewish Identities in American Feminist Art:  Ghosts of Ethnicity, by Lisa Bloom (New York: Routledge, 2006), x–xi. [F]
   
   Bloom, Lisa.  Introduction to Jewish Identities in American Feminist Art:  Ghosts of Ethnicity, by Lisa Bloom, iii-xiv (New York: Routledge, 2006).[B]
5. Book reviews
   6. Robert Carl, review of Manet, Flaubert, and the Emergence of Modernism:  Blurring the Boundaries, by Arden Reed, in Art Bulletin 86 (September 2004): 611. [F]
   
   Carl, Robert. Review of Manet, Flaubert, and the Emergence of Modernism:  Blurring the Boundaries, by Arden Reed, in Art Bulletin 86 (September 2004): 609-614. [B]
6. Citations found in Secondary Sources – or – “I couldn’t consult the original”
   Occasionally, you may want to cite a source that is quoted in or referred to by a book or source you have at hand. It may be impossible to consult the "original" work, if the original is rare, checked out, or otherwise difficult to locate. The secondary work may provide a portion of the original work, or may provide a necessary translation; you must cite both the original and secondary source in your paper:
   
   7. Robert Schumann, "Kennst du das Land," Sämmtlicher Lieder, v.2, edited by Max Friedlaender (Frankfurt: Peters, 19-?), 212; in Norton Anthology of Western Music, 2nd ed., ed. Claude V. Palisca (New York: Norton, 1988), 338. [F]
   
   Schumann, Robert. "Kennst du das Land." Sämmtlicher Lieder, v.2. Edited by Max Friedlaender.  Frankfurt: Peters, 19-?: 212-215. In Norton Anthology of Western Music, 2nd ed., ed. Claude V. Palisca, 338-342. New York: Norton, 1988. [B]
7. Print Encyclopedia Articles  (including the New Grove Dictionary of Art, print edition)
   8. John Barnicoat, "Poster," in Turner, Jane, ed., New Grove Dictionary of Art (London: Macmillan, 1996), XXV: 354.[F]
   
   Barnicoat, John. "Poster." Tuner, Jane, ed., New Grove Dictionary of Art. London: Macmillan, 1996. XXV: 345-355.[B]
8. Online Encyclopedia Articles with one author  (unrevised) (including Grove Art Online)
   9. Sarah Whitaker Peters, "O'Keeffe, Georgia," Grove Art Online (2004), http://www.groveart.com (accessed 7 September 2004). [Note: unrevised article] [F]
   
   Peters, Sarah Whitaker. "O'Keeffe, Georgia." Grove Art Online (2004), http://www.groveart.com (accessed 7 September 2005). [Note: unrevised article] [B]
9. Online Encyclopedia Articles with one author (revised) (including Grove Art Online)
   10. Franklin Kelly, "Hudson River School" (rev. 27 September 1999), Grove Art Online, http://www.groveart.com (accessed 7 September 2004). [Note: revised article] [F]
   
   Kelly, Franklin. "Hudson River School" (rev. 27 September 1999). Grove Art Online, http://www.groveart.com (accessed 7 September 2005). [Note: revised article]. [B]
10. Online Encyclopedia Articles with more than one author (each signs a section of the article)
    11. Ann Barrott Wicks, "Literati" (rev. 30 April 2002), sec. V ("Painting"), 4 ("Painters and Institutions"), ii of "China," Grove Art Online, http://www.groveart.com (accessed 7 September 2005). [F]
    
    Wicks, Ann Barrott, "Literati" (rev. 30 April 2002), sec. V ("Painting), 4 ("Painters and Institutions"), ii of "China." Grove Art Online, http://www.groveart.com (accessed 7 September 2005). [B]
11. Periodical Article (retrieved from a physical volume on the shelf)
    12. Mark Holborn,  “The Map.” Aperture 157 (1999), 5. [F]
    
    Holborn, Mark.  “The Map.” Aperture 157 (1999), 2-9. [B]
12. Periodical Article (retrieved full-text from an Electronic Database)
    13. Tyler Cowan and Alexander Tabarrok, “An Economic Theory of Avant-Garde and Popular Art, or High and Low Culture,” Southern Economic Journal 67 (2000), 23.
    http://www.jstor.org (accessed September 20, 2007) or http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-4038%28200010%2967%3A2%3C232%3AAETOAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X. [F]
    
    Cowan, Tyler and Alexander Tabarrok.  “An Economic Theory of Avant-Garde and Popular Art, or High and Low Culture.” Southern Economic Journal 67 (2000), 232-253, http://www.jstor.org (accessed September 20, 2007) or http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-4038%28200010%2967%3A2%3C232%3AAETOAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X. [B]
13. Newspaper article
    Newspaper articles may be cited in running text (“As Alan Artner pointed out in his review from the Chicago Tribune on August 24, 2007, . . . ”) instead of in a note or an in-text citation, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography or reference list as well. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations.
    
    14. Alan Artner, “Great Idea Translates to Uneven Show: ART:  Reviews,” Chicago Tribune, August 24, 2007, Arts section. [F]
    
    Niederkorn, William S. “Great Idea Translates to Uneven Show: ART:  Reviews.” Chicago Tribune, August 24, 2007, Arts section. [B]
14. WWW sites
    15. Arne Eggum.  “Edvard Munch as a Painter,”available from  http://www.munch.museum.no/content.aspx?id=15 (accessed September 14, 2007). [F]
    
    Eggum, Arne.   “Edvard Munch as a Painter”available from  http://www.munch.museum.no/content.aspx?id=15 (accessed September 14, 2007). [B]
15. Blog entry or comment
    Blog entries or comments may be cited in running text (“In his entry on the Graphic Design Forum Blogs, Mike Lenhart wrote . . .”) rather than in a note or an in-text citation, and they are often omitted from a bibliography or reference list. If you choose to include a formal citation for the source in your paper or bibliography, this is an acceptable format.  The access date is optional, but recommended.
    
    16. Mike Lenhart, entry on “Emphasize This!” Graphic Design Forum Blogs, entry posted September 1, 2007, http://blogs.graphicdesignforum.com/mlenhart/archives/2007/09/emphasize_this_1.html (accessed September 22, 2007)[F]
    
    Graphic Design Forum Blogs. http://blogs.graphicdesignforum.com/ (accessed September 22, 2007).. [B]
16. E-mail message
    E-mail messages may be cited in running text (“In an e-mail message to the author on October 31, 2005, John Doe revealed . . .”) instead of in a note or an in-text citation, and they are rarely listed in a bibliography or reference list. If you must include a reference, here is a formal version of a note:
    
    17. John Doe, e-mail message to author, October 31, 2005. [F]
17. Exhibition Catalogs (treat like books)
    18. Mary Cassatt: Modern Woman. Edited by Judith A. Barter. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, in association with Harry N. Abrams, 1998. Published in conjunction with the exhibition "Mary Cassatt: Modern Woman" shown at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the National Gallery in Washington, DC, and the Art Institute of Chicago, 37.
18. Art Works (found in a printed source)
    19. Mary Cassat, "Mother and Child," oil on canvas, c.1890 (Wichita Art Museum). In American Painting, 1560-1913, by John Pearce. New York: McGraw, 1964, slide 22. [F]
    
    Note: The position of slide number given in this example may be replaced by a plate or illustration number.
    
    Cassatt, Mary. "Mother and Child," oil on canvas, c.1890 (Wichita Art Museum). In American Painting: 1560-1913, by John Pearce. New York: McGraw, 1964, slide 22. [B]
    
    Note: If applicable, a plate or figure number may take the place of a slide number.
19. Art Works (found in an electronic source)
    20. Claude Monet, Meadow with Haystacks at Giverny, oil on canvas, 1885 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston). http://www.artstor.org. [F]
    
    Monet, Claude. Meadow with Haystacks at Giverny, oil on canvas, 1885 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston). http://www.artstor.org. [B]
    
    Note: It is optional to give the date of the artwork.
20. Video Recordings
    21. Germany--Dada: an Alphabet of German Dadaism, videocassette produced and directed by Helmut Herbst. Indianapolis, IN: Kartes Video Communications, c1986. [F]
    
    Germany--Dada: an Alphabet of German Dadaism, produced and directed by Helmut Herbst. Indianapolis, IN: Kartes Video Communications, c1986. [B]
    
    Note: Scenes (individually accessible in DVDs) are treated as chapters and cited by title or number. Ancillary materials, such as critical commentary, is cited by author and title. (CMS 17.273)

Additional Information:

Bibliographies are arranged in ALPHABETICAL ORDER - by the author’s or editor’s last name.  If, on occasion, you have NO author’s name, the convention is to use the TITLE (and IGNORE leading articles such as “the”, “a”) when placing the item alphabetically within your list.

Hanging indents are required in bibliographies, and a bibliographic citation is single-spaced, with a double-space between citations.